The domain names and the domain numbers in the internet (national and international)

Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses or website. Without domain name user can access to the website with IP (internet protocol). The domain name is just a simple (word format) representation of IP address.

                The domain number in the internet is the IP (internet protocol), which computers use it to communicate among themselves in internet environment. These numbers are exclusive to every PC in internet. As example, when you write ninova.com to the address bar, web browser first converts it into IP address then it guides the user to the computer that possess that PI address. Therefor it is not needed to know IP address of a site to visit it, to make easy access and remember for every site a domain name must be taken. Domain name can be taken from internet service servers or web hosting firms.

                The domain names possess to a hierarchical structure. They are separated with the points from left to right in increasing order. From www.mfa.com.tr the right most part (gon.tr) is TLD (top/first level domain), the middle one (mfa) is SLD (second level domain) and the first level domain names are separated inside it into two parts:

• ·         Generic Top level Domain (gTLD)

gTLD – Generic Top-Level Domains are the most common and the most sought after names. These include .com, .net, .org, .biz, .info, and several others. This names are added in 1984 to the domain name systems and since that time it is being used.

• ·         Country Code Top level Domain (ccTLD)

ccTLD – Country Code Top-Level Domains that were created specifically for a single country’s use. That country can put any sort of restrictions on it that they choose. Some countries only allow citizens to register domains under their ccTLD. Other countries ‘rent’ their TLD out for use by the global public, as in the case with .cc, the official ccTLD for the Cocos Islands, .ws, the official ccTLD for Western Samoa, and .tv, the official ccTLD for Tuvalu. This is a two character suffix which is identified in ISO (international Organizations for Standardization) 3166 standard. In every country they assign these standard with a special institution and in international area it is IANA (internet Assigned Numbers Authority).

Best of lucks :)

Information about TCP-Tahoe, TCP-Reno, TCP-New Reno and TCP-Vegas by comparing their mechanisms

TCP-Tahoe: This is a “Congestion avoidance” method in TCP protocol. The algorithms that is uses is:

Slow-start: At the beginning It start with making “congestions windows” value 1 “cwnd = 1” to avoid connection start problem.

Congestion avoidance: it used “Additive increase Multiplicative Decrease”. When a packet is lost it detects it as a congestion and takes half of valid windows size as new threshold level and saves. Congestion window set to ‘1’ and until reaching threshold level it continues with Slow-start.

The most important point in Tahoe is; it can detect the packet loss only when there is time out.

The problem is Tahoe is, to detect if there is a congestion or not, it waits the timeout which during this the pipeline is not used.

TCP-Reno: It is similar to Tahoe and as a difference it can do Fast Retransmit. The Fast Retransmit is method to detect the packet lost from 3 same ACK return (in this method for every packet it returns one ACK). If there is 3 same ACK return then it get as a packet lost and resend the packet by making half the congestion window(cwnd = ½*cwnd) it continues. The problem in this method is, although it is very useful in single packet loss its performance decrease when there is more than one packet loss.

TCP-Reno New: New version of the TCP-Reno. When there is more than one packet loss, without decreasing congestion window it resend the packet. It is more useful in mobile environments where packet loss is bigger. The problem is this method is inside RTT (round trip time) it can send only one packet.

TCP-Vegas: In this protocol when packet send the system time is saves and when ACK returned it also control the time and makes RTT calculations and saves it into timestamp. It controls it in two conditions:

• ·         When there is same ACK return it control the time and check if there is a timeout or not, if there is it retransmits without waiting 3.ACK return.
• ·         When there is different ACK came it check if there is timeout, if there is it retransmits.

Annotated bibliography about Autonomous Vehicles

M. Anderson, J., Kalra, N., & A. Oluwatola, O. (2014). 1. In Autonomous Vehicle Technology(1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 4,5). CAMBRIDGE, UK: RAND Corporation.

This book prepared with The RAND Corporation which is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decision making through research and analysis. This book is about autonomous vehicle with its all aspects. With starting from introduction part it explains Autonomous Vehicle Technology Important. Beginning with Google’s efforts today many industrialized companies are making researches and developments and as these technology increasing day by day governmental policy made in several states of US and being considered in other places also. One other important point for AVs is, as we know every year many people die with car accidents which is mostly occurred with human mistake. Using AVs(autonomous vehicles) will apparently reduce this accident with a huge percentage because they would do any error. In the following parts of this book you can find also history, current state and future promises of AVs also.

Staff, CNN Wire. "Google Gets License to Operate Driverless Cars in Nevada." CNN. Cable News Network, 08 May 2012

In this article by referring to some benefits of AVs such as preventing traffic accidents and decreasing the time and energy consumed while traveling it also gives information about the technical parts that the Google used in AVs. I think this is best article that shortly introduced the AVs and its importance in daily life. There is a short video from Google is test drive which a person of 95 percent blind is doing the deriving that is brilliant.

Doug Newcomb, You won't need a driver's license by 2040, http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/18/tech/innovation/ieee-2040-cars/index.html, (9-25-2013)

This article is one of the most inspiring article that explains well the important of AVs in the future. Besides the important like reducing accidents and low energy consume with vehicle, some technological ways that how the vehicle will communicate with each other and prevent the crash or traffic jam is being explained in this article such as V2V, V2I and V2X.

"Pros and Cons - Autonomous Cars." Pros and Cons - Autonomous Cars. Google, 18 Nov. 2012

This site is introducing in very clear way that what pros and what cons would be there is Autonomous cars enter officially to our daily lives. Although there is no any academic or scientific reliable reasons but at least it will give an idea about the results of a world that the Autonomous cars are in use.

Alex Forrest, Mustafa Konca, Autonomous Cars and Society, http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-043007-205701/unrestricted/IQPOVP06B1.pdf,

This is also one of the important book that you can find price and clear information about Autonomous cars. The technology that autonomous car use is well introduced as well as its sociological effects. One of the interesting point that mentioned here is, Auto-enthusiasts will disappear due to car sharing, as cars are no longer person, and why would anyone want to make any modifications or improvements to a car that isn't their own.

Jim Motavalli,The Future of Cars: Autonomous...and Electric, http://www.plugincars.com/cars-future-autonomousand-electric-128131.html. (9-25-2013)

This article will be best answer to question like Will gas stations change? Electric vs gas?
Electric cars automatically fueling in garage would be preferable to standard mechanical cars filling up with gas automatically and more risk in plugging in a gas pump or electric plug? By considering the view point of some companies like Nissan and also some researching groups like a team at Oxford University that are making some development in autonomous cars, this article has offers most valuable answers.

RAND Corporation. (2014). Self-Driving Vehicles Offer Potential Benefits, Policy Challenges for Lawmakers [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/news/press/2014/01/06.html. (January 2014)

This is one of the journal news which is done by the James M. Anderson the Senior Behavioral Scientist. This research and study is done by interviewing with many people from different areas about the autonomous vehicle and its results and apparently it make this news valuable. You can find the negative effects of using these cars from the perspective of policymaker, economy and personal life (by data which these car collect).

James M. Anderson…Oluwatobi Oluwatola,(2014). Autonomous Vehicle Technology How to Best Realize Its Social Benefits (RB-9755-RC). Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9755.html

This is a research report about the autonomous vehicle from the following point of views, about the current technologies that is being used such as making sense of the world and Vehicle communication, about the benefits of these vehicles from the perspective of avoiding crashes and increasing mobility and so on… and about some guidelines for governments to make some policies regarding secure usage of these vehicle while they started to be used. I think this is valuable study and research to make people more aware from future technology.

Bora Alp Baydere… Charlie Ritter Madden,(2014). The Future of the Automobile Car-Sharing Service using Autonomous Automobiles. Retrieved from: http://web.stanford.edu/class/me302/PreviousTerms/2014-06Car-SharingServiceUsingAutonomousAutomobiles(paper).pdf

This is an article about the autonomous vehicle that Stanford University is sharing with its student and probably is the most detailed research about AVs. It is introducing its technology by details as well as its benefits and its challenges that might society and world across when these enter to our lives.

KPMG&CAR,(2014). Self-driving cars: The next revolutionRetrieved from: http://www.kpmg.com/US/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/self-driving-cars-next-revolution.pdf

KPMG AND CAR are two Global automotive industry which are making researches by distinct groups and programs. Together they published this article which has detailed information about self-deriving cars. In this article they take the autonomous cars as a new area of business and its revolutions and affects to other industries. Besides giving information that these cars using, in this article its financial dimensions is also taken considerations.